Role : Stealth air superiority fighter/multirole combat aircraft
National origin : People's Republic of China
Manufacturer : Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group
First flight : 11 January 2.011
Introduction : 2.017–2.019 (planned)
Status : In development/flight testing
Primary user : People's Liberation Army Air Force
Number built : 2
Unit cost : US$110 million (est.)
The Chengdu J-20 (Jian-20; simplified Chinese: 歼-二零; traditional Chinese: 殲-二零; pinyin: Jiān èr líng) is a purported[5] fifth-generation, stealth, twin-engine fighter aircraft prototype developed by Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group for the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF).
In late 2.010, the J-20 underwent high speed taxiing tests.
The J-20 made its first flight on 11 January 2.011.
General He Weirong, Deputy Commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force said in November 2.009 that he expected the J-20 to be operational in 2.017–2.019.
Development
The J-20 was one of the stealth fighter programs under the codename J-XX that was launched in the late 1.990s.
It was designated “Project 718”,and won the PLAAF endorsement in a 2.008 competition against a Shenyang proposal that was reportedly even larger than J-20.
Two prototypes (#2.001-01 & #2.001–02) have been built as of the end of 2.010.
On 22 December 2.010, the J-20 was under-going high speed taxiing tests outside the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute with no confirmed flight tests.
The J-20 made its first flight, which lasted about 15 minutes, on 11 January 2.011.
Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper has testified that the United States has known about the program for a "long time" and that the test flight was not a surprise.
On the other hand, a 2.012 report by the U.S.‐China Economic and Security Review Commission suggests that the United States may have underestimated the speed of development of the J-20 and several other Chinese military development projects.
On 10 May 2.012, a new prototype (#2.002) was reported to be undergoing low speed taxiing tests in an unspecified airport at Chengdu.
This new aircraft differs from 2.001 with redesigned landing gear and nose.
Flight testing
The J-20 made its first flight, lasting about 15 minutes, on 11 January 2.011.
A Chengdu J-10S served as the chase aircraft.
After the successful first flight, a ceremony was held.
The test pilot of the J-20, Li Gang, Chief designer Yang Wei and General Li Andong (Deputy-Director of General Armaments Department, and Director of Science and Technology Commission of General Armaments Department of the PLA since 2.000) attended the ceremony.
The jet began making test flights again on Nov. 12 after a month long break from flying.
China thus became the third nation in the world to "develop and test-fly a full-size stealth combat aircraft demonstrator", after the United States and Russia.
The Guardian reported that experts, on the one hand, expressed "surprise" at the speed with which the aircraft was developed, but on the other hand "said the country's military prowess was still relatively backward and way behind that of the US" and that its military interests were limited to its region.
The first test flight coincided with a visit of United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates to China, and was initially interpreted by Pentagon officials and the media[who?] as a possible signal to the visiting delegation from the U.S.
However, after meeting with senior Chinese officials including Chinese President, CMC Chairman Hu Jintao, Secretary Gates remarked, "The civilian leadership seemed surprised by the test and assured me it had nothing to do with my visit."
Jin Canrong, a professor at Renmin University in Beijing who specializes in China-U.S. relations, suggested that President Hu's ignorance of the test raises questions about the nature of civilian control of the Chinese military.
However, as Michael Swaine, an expert on the PLA and United States – China military relations, explained, although it's possible and even likely that "senior officials in the [Chinese] leadership did not know that this flight test would occur on this precise day," this is not necessarily evidence of a military-backed effort to insult Secretary Gates' delegation or embarrass President Hu.
Rather, decisions regarding the production, development and testing of such military aircraft are routinely managed by engineers and low-level officials more than by senior civilian or military leadership.
Coupled with the fact that there was relatively limited coverage of the event in Chinese media initially, it is likely that the test may not have been considered a significant enough event to warrant notification to President Hu.
A second test flight of an hour and twenty minutes took place on 17 April 2.011.
On 5 May 2.011, a 55 minute test flight included retraction of the landing gear.
The full initial test program of 10 to 20 test flights is expected to take years to complete.
In March 2.012 a video was taken of the J-20 showing various tests done in flight.
Technology transfer allegations
United States House Committee on Armed Services chairman Howard McKeon said on the J-20 "my understanding is that they built it on information that they received from Russia, from a Russian plane, that they were able to copy".
MiG spokeswoman Yelena Fyodorova has denied that any of the project 1.44 materials had been provided to China.
Balkan military officials told the Associated Press that China and Russia may have adopted some stealth technology from a Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk, which was shot down by the Serbian military in 1.999 during the Kosovo war.
If Chinese experts used the F-117 stealth coatings, the result would be decades behind current American state-of-the-art.
However, Chinese test pilot Xu Yongling said that the J-20 was a "masterpiece" of home-grown innovation, he also said the F-117 technology was already "outdated" even at the time it was shot down, and could not be applied to a next-generation stealth jet.
Janes editor James Hardy agrees that it was unlikely China would have learned much from the wreckage.
Retired USAF General Thomas G. McInerney has suggested that the J-20 design may have been based on cyber-espionage of the Lockheed Martin FB-22 project.
It is suspected that cyberespionage may have assisted the development of the J-20, with information used by subcontractors of Lockheed Martin for the F-35 project in particular having been significantly compromised during development of the J-20.
A United States federal prosecutor has suggested that China may have used technology supplied by Noshir Gowadia from the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit program for their stealth aircraft.
Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force Pradeep Vasant Naik has suggested that the J-20 is entirely reverse engineered with no Chinese R&D involved, and questioned if the practice was ethical.
Design
Characteristics
The J-20 is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft which appears to be somewhat larger and heavier than the comparable Sukhoi T-50 and Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.
Bill Sweetman estimates that it is approximately 75 feet (23 m) in length, has a wingspan of 45 feet (14 m) or more, and is expected to have a takeoff weight of 75,000 to 80,000 pounds (34,000 to 36,000 kg) with internal stores only.
The J-20 has a long and wide fuselage and low jet engine intakes with a forward chine, a main delta wing, forward canards, a bubble canopy, conventional round engine exhausts and canted all-moving fins.
The front section of the J-20 is similarly chiseled as the F-22 Raptor and the body and tail resemble those of the Sukhoi T-50 prototype.
As early photographs of the prototype surfaced, Bill Sweetman commented that the design may suggest a large, long range ground attack aircraft, not unlike a "stealth version" of the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark.
Douglas Barrie has noted that the canard-delta configuration with canted vertical fins appears to resemble the MiG 1.42.
Yet, Barrie notes that key differences include greater forward fuselage shaping as the basis for low observable characteristics, along with the different engine intake configuration.
The J-20 has a pair of all-moving tailfins that are swept back in the F-35 style instead of being trapezoid like the F-22 and PAK-FA tails and ventral stabilizing fins.
It also has an F-22 style nose section, but with F-35 style dropped nose, forward swept intake cowls with diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) bumps and a one-piece canopy.
The J-20 may become the first operational combat aircraft that carries sufficient fuel to supercruise throughout its missions, doubling its sortie rate.
Engines
It was reported in November 2.006 that a T/W=10 17,000 kilograms (37,000 lb) class turbofan (WS-15/"large thrust") was being developed for the J-20.
One (#2001-01) prototype is fitted with AL-31F, the other (#2001–02) is fitted with the improved WS-10G with a new "stealth" nozzle possibly to reduce RCS and IR emission.
The prototype could be powered by twin 32,000 pounds (15,000 kg) thrust Saturn 117S engines provided by Russia, a sign of problems in the development of the aircraft, according to Pentagon spokesman Col. David Lapan.
Chinese sources have claimed that production aircraft will be powered by two 13,200 kilograms (29,000 lb)/WS-10 class high thrust turbofan engines fitted with Thrust Vector Controlled (TVC) nozzles, both made in China.
However Richard Aboulafia has said that the WS-10 engine has suffered catastrophic failures in flight.
The best estimates are that China will take five to ten years to perfect the fifth-generation jet engines needed for the J-20.
Avionics
The production J-20 may incorporate an advanced fly-by-wire (FBW) system fully integrated with the fire-control and the engine systems. Its fire-control radar is expected to be Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) (Type 1475/KLJ5?).
According to recent pictures from the internet, two small dark diamond shaped windows can be seen on both sides of the nose, which could house certain electro-optical sensors, such as a missile approach warning system (MAWS) or an infra-red search and track (IRST) system.
Two additional windows are seen underneath the rear fuselage, plus two more on top of the forward fuselage above the canard wings, suggesting that a distributed situational awareness system similar to the electro-optical distributed aperture system (EODAS) onboard American F-35 was installed providing a full 360° coverage.
Cockpit
The aircraft features a "pure" glass cockpit (two large color liquid crystal displays (LCD) and several smaller ones in addition to a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD)).
Many of these subsystems have been tested onboard J-10Bs to speed up the development.
Armament
The J-20 has a large belly weapon bay for short/long-range air-to-air missiles (AAM) (PL-10, PL-12C/D & PL-21) and two smaller lateral weapon bays behind the air inlets for short-range AAMs (PL-10).
One photo depicts the same air-to-air loadout as the F-22, that is six medium range and two short range air-to-air missiles.
Stealth
Carlo Kopp has suggested that the J-20's overall stealth shaping is "without doubt considerably better" than the F-35 and PAK FA, but he agrees with others, such as Shih Hiao-wei of Defense International monthly and Bill Sweetman of Aviation Week, that some parts on the J-20 will challenge its ability to remain stealthy from all directions : "The aft fuselage, tailbooms, fins/strakes and axi-symmetric nozzles are not compatible with high stealth performance, but may only be stop-gap measures to expedite flight testing of a prototype."
As of January 2.011 the engine nozzles were clearly non-stealthy; this may be due to the fact that the final "fifth-generation" engines had not been completed yet.
However, one of the prototypes uses WS-10G engines with stealthy jagged-edge nozzles and tiles.
A canard delta offers greater efficiency in both subsonic and supersonic flight (which may help supercruise range), but it is unknown if the Chinese have the same software used on the Eurofighter Typhoon to control the otherwise non-stealthy canards.
Teal Group analyst Richard Aboulafia has also raised doubts about the use of canards on a design that is intended to be low-observable : “There’s no better way of guaranteeing a radar reflection and compromise of stealth”.
Nevertheless, canards greatly boost the aircraft's maneuverability over that of a pure delta wing without canards.[60] Sweetman notes that the canard delta works with the Whitcomb area rule for a large-volume mid-body section supersonic aircraft.
Also, while the diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) intakes are easier to maintain than more complex stealth-compatible intakes, such as on the F-22, their fixed form limits the aircraft to around Mach 2.0.
J.D. McFarlan of Lockheed Martin has said that the J-20 DSI inlets resemble those of the F-35, but it is unclear if the Chinese have perfected their own design.
Lewis Page has said that it is unlikely that the Chinese will soon have an American style Low Probability of Intercept Radar and so the J-20 would be limited to attacking ground targets like previous generations of American stealth aircraft such as the Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk. In that case the J-20 would carry a radar, but using it would instantly give away its location.
However, the J-20 is expected to use a AESA radar, which should have Low Probability of Intercept modes.
Given that the F-35 can already track and jam even the F-22's radar, this might not be sufficient.
Overall evaluations
Robert Gates has also questioned how stealthy the J-20 might be although he did say the development of the J-20 had the potential to "put some of our capabilities at risk, and we have to pay attention to them, we have to respond appropriately with our own programs.”
Pentagon spokesman Geoff Morrell has said that it was premature to call the J-20 a stealth fighter or to judge if it had any other fifth-generation characteristics.
Kopp and Goon have speculated that the J-20 is designed to operate as a heavy interceptor, destroying opposing AWACS and tanker aircraft.
If true, this would make it more similar to a MiG-25 with stealth capability. Sweetman agrees that this is the most likely role for such a large aircraft with low thrust to weight ratio and limited agility that is optimized for range and speed.
Loren B. Thompson has said that this combination of forward sector only stealth and long range will allow the J-20 to make attacks on surface targets while the United States lacks sufficient bases for F-22s in the area to counter these attacks and American allies have no comparable aircraft.
Thompson has also said that a long-range maritime strike aircraft may cause the United States more trouble than a shorter range air-superiority fighter like the F-22.
The Pentagon's 2.011 report on the Chinese military agrees that the J-20 is "a platform capable of long range, penetrating strikes into complex air defense environments."
Because the aircraft's center of gravity must be within the triangle defined by the landing gear, the J-20 depends on lift from its canards, which limits its maneuverability to the lifting power of its canards.
Hence the J-20 is not a fighter, but rather a light supersonic bomber.[75] The J-20 may have lower supercruise speed (yet greater range) and less agility than a Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor or PAK FA, but might also have larger weapons bays and carry more fuel.
Aboulafia has called the J-20 a kludge made of mismatched parts and questioned if the Chinese have the skills or technology to produce a true fifth-generation fighter.
Bill Sweetman speculates that China will have problems meeting its production requirements, as it has several other jet fighter projects in production.
Aviation Week raised the question of whether the aircraft is a prototype, like the Sukhoi T-50, or a technology demonstrator similar to the Lockheed YF-22.
Kanwa Andrew Chan, editor-in-chief of Hong Kong Military News Agency, questioned the J-20's stealth among other parameters saying that it cannot yet match its competitors, the Russian T-50 and U.S. F-22, due to lack of engine power, the inability to fly at supersonic speeds, and shortcomings in its radar system and stealth, calling it a 4+ generation fighter in its current state.
Commander of the Russian Air Force Colonel General Alexander Zelin has said that the J-20 is inferior in speed, range, and agility to the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA.
Russian military commentator Ilya Kramnik conjectures that China is still 10 to 15 years behind the United States and Russia in fighter technology and may not be able to manufacture all the advanced composite materials, avionics and sensor packages needed for such aircraft, and could instead turn to foreign suppliers.
On the other hand, he speculates that China may be able to produce the J-20 at a cost 50% to 80% lower than US and Russian fifth-generation jet fighters, and that potential customers may include Pakistan, the Middle East, Latin America, Southeast Asia and the richest countries in Africa.
Konstantin Sivkov of the Academy for Geopolitical Issues argued that the US is correct to be alarmed at the progress of Chinese military technology.
Mikhail Pogosyan, head of the United Aircraft Corporation, has claimed that the Chinese program is more of a demonstration and that they lack the scale and experience to complete the project.
Globalsecurity.org states that China probably declined to participate in joint development and production of a new fifth-generation fighter with Russia given the belief that Russia stood to gain more from Chinese participation.
Chinese leaders may have determined that their design was superior to the Russian PAK FA.
The United States is likely to be severely outnumbered, possibly by 10:1 regarding fighter planes, in a conflict close to China. Roger Cliff, senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation, states that "What we need is to be able to put 25 jets in the air and take down 75 of theirs, without many losses.
But it’s just not going to be that one-sided anymore" and "We have become accustomed to a world where our air power is dominant, but that dominance is now in question."
Carlo Kopp and Peter Goon argue that "In strategic terms, at the most basic level, a mature production J-XX [J-20] effectively obsoletes nearly all of the IADS infrastructure and systems, air defence fighter fleets and weapons inventories deployed and operated by the United States and its Pacific Rim allies" and that "In any conflict involving China, a well sized fleet of mature production J-XX [J-20] would have significant freedom of action to attack and destroy aerial and surface targets throughout the geography of the Second Island Chain".
Australia's Air Vice Marshal Osley said, Air Power Australia (Kopp and Goon) claim that the F35 will not be competitive in 2.020.
Air Power Australia's criticisms mainly centre around F35's aerodynamic performance and stealth capabilities.
These are inconsistent with years of detailed analysis that has been undertaken by Defence, the JSF program office, Lockheed Martin, the US services and the eight other partner nations.
While aircraft developments such as the Russian PAK-FA or the Chinese J-20, as argued by Airpower Australia, show that threats we could potentially face are becoming increasingly sophisticated, there is nothing new regarding development of these aircraft to change Defence's assessment.
He then said that he thinks that the Airpower Australia and RepSim analysis is basically flawed through incorrect assumptions and a lack of knowledge of the classified F-35 performance information.
Specifications
Because the aircraft is in development, these specifications are preliminary and are taken as estimates from the available images.
Data from Loren B. Thompson of the Lexington Institute[85] and James Dunnigan.
General characteristics
Crew : one (pilot)
Length : 21.26 m (69 ft 9 in)
Wingspan : 12.88 m (42 ft 3 in)
Height : 4.45 m (14 ft 7 in)
Wing area : 59 m2 (630 sq ft)
Empty weight : 17,000 kg (37,479 lb)
Max takeoff weight : 36,287 kg (80,000 lb) upper estimate
Powerplant : 2 × WS-10G (prototype); WS-15 when J-20 is serving afterburning turbofans dry, 180 kN (40,000 lbf) with afterburner
Maximum speed : Mach 2.0 or less (DSI limit)
Range : 5,500 km (3,418 mi; 2,970 nmi)
Combat range : 2,000 km (1,243 mi; 1,080 nmi)
Service ceiling : 20,000 m (65,617 ft)
Armament
None on prototype
Production aircraft will be equipped with PL-21 LRAAM, PL-12D MRAAM, PL-10 SRAAM, LS-6 Precision Glide Bomb, 30mm cannon, up to four rocket launchers, two IR decoy launchers, air-to-surface missiles and smart bombs.
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